新能源汽车储能系统快速充电策略研究综述*

doi:10.11985/2024.01.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

电动汽车在近十年得到大力发展与推广，但续航里程一直限制着电动汽车的进一步发展。车载储能系统快速充电技术能够有效缓解现阶段电动汽车用户续航里程焦虑，同时提高车辆安全性。电动汽车快速充电技术包括基于经验的充电策略和基于优化的充电策略。本文首先总结了各种传统充电方法的优点和缺点，其次根据应用场景优化目标的不同，归纳了不同优化目标的快充策略的应用，此外总结了电池内部的电极材料、电解质和电极/电解质界面(EEI)对快充性能的影响，并归纳了不同材料的改良措施，并对该领域未来发展方向进行了展望。

关键词: 电动汽车, 充电策略, 锂电池, 电极材料, 快充性能

Abstract:

Electric vehicles have been vigorously developed and promoted in the past decade, but the range has been limiting the further development of electric vehicles. The fast charging technology of on-board energy storage system is an effective and easy-to-implement way to alleviate the short range of electric vehicles as well as to improve the safety of the whole vehicle at the present stage, and the current fast charging technology of electric vehicles includes empirical charging strategy based on experience and optimization-based charging strategy. Firstly the advantages and shortcomings of the various traditional charging methods are summarized, and then according to the application scenarios of the optimization objective, the different optimization objectives for the application of fast charging strategies are summarized. In addition, the influence of electrode materials, electrolyte and electrode/ electrolyte interface(EEI) inside the battery on the fast charging performance is summarized, and the improvement measures of different materials are summarized, and the future development direction of this field is prospected.

Key words: Electric vehicle, charging strategies, lithium battery, electrode material, fast charging performance

中图分类号:

TK02

金英爱, 余文宾, 马纯强. 新能源汽车储能系统快速充电策略研究综述^*[J]. 电气工程学报, 2024, 19(1): 23-32.

JIN Yingai, YU Wenbin, MA Chunqiang. Review of Research on Fast Charging Strategies for New Energy Vehicle Energy Storage Systems[J]. Journal of Electrical Engineering, 2024, 19(1): 23-32.

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电池类型	优点	缺点	用途
锂电池	高能量密度、轻量化、较长寿命	成本高、充电时间慢	电动汽车、移动设备
镍氢电池	较低成本、相对环保	能量密度较低、寿命较短	便携设备、混合动力汽车
燃料电池	快速充电，长续航、零排放	基础设施不足、制造成本高	需要长续航能力和较快充电的电动汽车
超级电容器	快速充放电、长寿命、高功率密度、环保	低能量密度、高成本、自放电	需要高功率、短周期充放电和长寿命的应用

充电方式	优点	缺点
恒流充电	高效快速充电，控制简单	初期电流较小导致充电时间长、中期电流大能耗高和充电效率低下，后期容易过充，影响电池寿命
恒压充电	充电过程更接近电池可接受曲线，控制简单，成本低	充电时间长，充电初期电流较大，影响电池使用寿命
恒流恒压充电	结合了恒流充电和恒压充电的优点，结构简单，成本较低	未能消除极化现象，影响充电效果
脉冲充电	充电速度快，温度变化小，对电池寿命影响小	需要一个有限流功能的电源，增加成本
变电压间歇充电法	加快充电过程，缩短充电时间	电路复杂，造价高，一般在大功率
Reflex快速充电法	可以很大程度上解决极化现象，加快充电速度，充电速度块，电池温度变化小	反向充电影响电池寿命
智能充电法	充电效率高，电池寿命长	控制策略复杂，成本较高