固态锂电池在载运工具中的应用前景分析*

doi:10.11985/2022.04.010

电气工程学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (4): 88-102.doi: 10.11985/2022.04.010

• 特邀专栏：电化学储能系统安全管理与运维 • 上一篇下一篇

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固态锂电池在载运工具中的应用前景分析^*

李维聪¹(), 穆浩²(), 沈恒龙³(), 于全庆¹()

1.哈尔滨工业大学(威海)汽车工程学院威海 264209
2.北京空间飞行器总体设计部北京 100094
3.广州广电计量检测股份有限公司广州 510100

收稿日期:2022-08-31 修回日期:2022-10-19 出版日期:2022-12-25 发布日期:2023-02-03
通讯作者: 于全庆，男，1984年生，博士，副教授。主要研究方向为电源管理及控制，储能系统及载运工具的电动化和智能化。E-mail：qqyu@hit.edu.cn
作者简介:李维聪，男，1999年生，硕士研究生。主要研究方向为动力电池及复合电源的安全管控。E-mail：22S130328@stu.hit.edu.cn
穆浩，男，1986年生，博士。主要研究方向为空间电源系统设计、建模与仿真分析。E-mail：muhao_922@163.com
沈恒龙，男，1986年生，硕士。主要研究方向为电池环境可靠性测试方法与技术。E-mail：shenhl@grgtest.com
基金资助:
*国家自然科学基金面上(52177210);山东省自然科学基金面上(ZR2020ME209)

Application Prospect Analysis of Solid-state Lithium Battery in Vehicle

LI Weicong¹(), MU Hao²(), SHEN Henglong³(), YU Quanqing¹()

1. School of Automotive Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology(Weihai), Weihai 264209
2. General Design Department, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094
3. Guangzhou GRG Metrology & Test Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510100

Received:2022-08-31 Revised:2022-10-19 Online:2022-12-25 Published:2023-02-03
Contact: YU Quanqing, E-mail：qqyu@hit.edu.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目前，新能源汽车的动力电池类型以液态锂离子电池为主，而液态锂离子电池内部的电解液存在易泄漏、可燃和易爆问题。固态锂电池因采用锂金属作为负极材料而具备高能量密度，且将可燃易爆的液体电解质替换为不易燃不易爆的固体电解质，在新能源汽车及其他载运工具中具有广阔的应用前景。对包含铅酸电池、镍系电池及目前应用较多的锂离子电池在内的二次化学电池研究现状进行了梳理；重点分析了固态锂电池电极与电解质技术。固态锂电池的电解质种类主要有氧化物、硫化物与聚合物三类，从电解质种类的角度梳理了固态锂电池的相关技术发展水平及产业化进展；最后对各种载运工具的特点进行总结，并对未来固态锂电池在各种载运工具中的应用前景进行了合理分析。

关键词: 固态锂电池, 动力电池, 空间电源, 固态电解质, 应用前景

Abstract:

Currently, liquid lithium-ion batteries are the most common type of power battery used in new energy vehicles, however, liquid lithium-ion batteries have the problems that electrolyte is prone to leakage and is flammable and explosive. Due to the use of lithium metal as the negative electrode material, the solid-state lithium batteries have a high energy density, and substitute the flammable and explosive liquid electrolyte with solid electrolyte that is neither flammable nor explosive. For these reasons, the solid-state lithium batteries will have wide range application prospects in new energy vehicles and other carriers. The research status of secondary chemical batteries is reviewed, including lead-acid batteries, nickel-based batteries and lithium-ion batteries that are currently widely used. The electrode and electrolyte technology of solid-state lithium-ion batteries are emphatically analyzed. The main electrolyte types of solid-state lithium batteries are oxides, sulfides and polymers. From the perspective of electrolyte types, the relevant technical development level and industrialization progress of solid-state lithium batteries are analyzed. Finally, the characteristics of various carriers are summarized and the application prospects of solid-state lithium batteries in various carriers are reasonably analyzed.

Key words: Solid-state lithium batteries, power battery, space power supply, solid electrolyte, application prospects

中图分类号:

TM911

李维聪, 穆浩, 沈恒龙, 于全庆. 固态锂电池在载运工具中的应用前景分析^*[J]. 电气工程学报, 2022, 17(4): 88-102.

LI Weicong, MU Hao, SHEN Henglong, YU Quanqing. Application Prospect Analysis of Solid-state Lithium Battery in Vehicle[J]. Journal of Electrical Engineering, 2022, 17(4): 88-102.

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锂离子电池参数	消费型	动力型	储能型
单体能量密度/(W·h/kg)	≥230	三元材料≥210 其他材料≥160	≥145
电池组能量密度/ (W·h/kg)	≥180	三元材料≥150 其他材料≥115	≥100
循环次数(容量保持80%)	500	1 000	5 000

电池参数	铅酸电池	镍镉电池	镍氢电池	液态锂电池	固态锂电池
质量能量密度/(W·h/kg)	40~70	40~60	60~120	120~250	300~700
体积能量密度/(W·h/L)	65~80	160~180	320~350	200~400	400~ 1 200
循环次数 (容量保持80%)	400~600	500~ 1 000	500~ 1 800	800~ 3 000	1 000
单体额定电压/V	2	1.2	1.2	3.6	—
电压工作范围/V	1.5~2.4	1.0~1.4	1.0~1.4	2.7~4.2	—
安全性	较安全	较安全	较安全	安全	很安全
有害物质	铅	镉	无	无	无
单位成本/[元/(W·h)]	0.6	7.5	2.5~5.5	0.7~1.8	1.9~3.5
记忆效应	无	有	无	无	无
每月自放电率(%)	15~30	15~30	25~35	2~5	—

年份	企业	电解质类型	研究进展
2011	法国博洛雷	聚合物	30 kW·h固态聚合物电池， LFP正极锂负极，能量密度110 W·h/kg，为保证电池正常工作温度(60~80 ℃)需要采用加热器
2021	法国博洛雷&戴姆勒	聚合物	441 kW·h聚合物固态锂电池，工作温度50~80 ℃，电芯能量密度250 W·h/kg，熔融态电解质导致内部短路而失败
2020	丰田	硫化物	两台丰田LQ概念车搭载固态电池
2022	蔚来汽车 &卫蓝新能源	氧化物	预计在2023年将固液混合态锂电池搭载于蔚来ET7车型，能量密度360 W·h/kg
2021	赣锋锂业 &东风	氧化物	单体能量密度350 W·h/kg，400次循环能力，50辆样车投入使用
2022	上汽&清陶	氧化物	预计2023年搭载清陶长续航固态动力电池产品实现1 000 km以上续航

年份	航天器	储能电源类型	主要特点	年份	航天器	储能电源类型	主要特点
1961	美国子午仪导航卫星	放射性同位素热电机(RTG)	寿命：20~40年	2005	GIOVE-A	锂离子电池	AEA公司研制，采用Sony的18650单体，4组蓄电池，60 A·h
1969	美国阿波罗号飞船	同位素加热器/锌银电池	—	2008	GIOVE-B	锂离子电池	SAFT研制，VES100单体，3P9S组成81 A·h
1997	美国火星探路者探测器	锌银电池	电压：27 V，容量：40 A·h，比能量：73 W·h/kg	2007	NASA“凤凰号”	锂离子电池	2组，每组8串，25 A·h，共50 A·h
2000	STRV-1d	锂离子电池	比能量：100 W·h/kg(首次)	2011	Pleiades HR-1A	锂离子电池	2组蓄电池组，一组75 A·h，52P8S分四个模块，一个模块13P8S，能量密度107 W·h/kg，工作温度0~40 ℃
2001	PROBA	锂离子电池	每月400次充放电循环，放电深度8%~15%，在轨运行时间最长的锂离子蓄电池组(超过10年)	2011	NASA“好奇号”	锂离子蓄电池和热电池/放射性同位素温差发电器	—
2003	ESA的火星快车项目	锂离子电池	能量密度115 W·h/kg，电池组能量1 554 W· h，地面 9 280次循环，放电深度5%~67.55%	2010	国际空间站	镍氢电池/锂离子电池	2020年国际空间站所使用的镍氢电池已全部更换为锂离子蓄电池，但是备用电源仍为镍氢电池组
2004	W3A卫星	锂离子电池	国际第一颗采用锂离子电池组的高轨道卫星，首次将锂离子蓄电池组应用于GEO卫星，SAFT所研制，单体能量密度：125 W·h/kg，单体并联18 kW·h，单体串联50 V	2013	Alphasat(阿尔法)卫星	锂离子电池	SAFT所研制，采用第五代高比能量(153 W·h/kg)锂离子电池单体VES180，6P23S

年份	航天器	储能电源类型	主要特点
2016	天宫二号空间实验室	镍氢电池	3组6个镍氢电池模块，总容量120 A·h
2020	嫦娥五号	锂离子电池	钴酸锂正极、石墨负极能量密度：195 W·h/kg (目前航天用最大值)
2021	空间站天和核心舱	锂离子电池	6组锂离子蓄电池，每组66个单体电池，充电温度检测，需要定期在轨更换锂离子电池
2021	神舟十二号	锂离子电池	采用陶瓷隔膜，防止内短路，电池组使用阻燃材料，防止热失控
2022	神舟十四号	锌银蓄电池	贵州梅岭电源研制，工作温度0~50 ℃，寿命10个月

固态锂电池在载运工具中的应用前景分析^*

Application Prospect Analysis of Solid-state Lithium Battery in Vehicle

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