DC-DC变换器的交错并联磁集成技术研究综述

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

交错并联磁集成技术已经成为电力电子领域的研究热点之一。在介绍内燃机和电力系统的交错并联技术的基础上,引出电力电子的交错并联磁集成技术。首先介绍了各种非隔离型和隔离型DC-DC变换器的交错并联磁集成技术及其最新研究成果和应用情况;接着比较了内燃机、电力系统和电力电子三种交错并联技术;最后指出当前我国对于交错并联磁集成技术的研究在国际上并不落后,但人们对隔离型DC-DC变换器的交错并联磁集成技术的研究还相对较少,建议今后加强这方面的研究。展望未来,电力电子的交错并联磁集成技术将像内燃机和电力系统的交错并联技术一样得到更大的发展,并且为工业和国民经济的发展做出重大贡献。

关键词: 电力电子, 交错并联, 磁集成, 非隔离/隔离, DC-DC变换器

Abstract:

Interleaving and magnetic-integration technology is becoming a research focus in power electronics. On the basis of introducing the interleaving technologies of combustion engine and power system, this paper draws forth interleaving and magnetic-integration technology of power electronics. At first, the interleaving and magnetic-integration technologies of various non-isolated and isolated DC-DC converters and their updated research results and application are introduced. Secondly, three kinds of interleaving technologies of combustion engine, power system and power electronics are compared in the paper. Finally, it is pointed out that the research of interleaving and magnetic-integration technologies in China is not backward in the world; the research of interleaving magnetic-integration technologies in isolated DC-DC converter is relatively less, therefore it should be enhanced; just like the interleaving technologies of combustion engine and power system, the interleaving and magnetic-integration technology of power electronics will gets a bigger development and makes a great contribution to industry and national economy.

Key words: Power electronics, interleaving, magnetic-integration, non-isolated/isolated, DC-DC converter

中图分类号:

TM464

杨玉岗,代少杰,赵若冰,万冬. DC-DC变换器的交错并联磁集成技术研究综述[J]. 电气工程学报, 2015, 10(8): 1-13.

Yang Yugang,Dai Shaojie,Zhao Ruobing,Wan Dong. State of the Art of Interleaving and Magnetic-Integration Technology for DC-DC Converters[J]. Journal of Electrical Engineering, 2015, 10(8): 1-13.

图/表 30

图1

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

图9

图10

图11

图12

图13

图14

图15

图16

图17

图18

图19

图20

图21

图22

图23

图24

图25

图26

图27

表1

表2

表3

参考文献 55

[1]	Miwa B A, Otten D M, Schlecht M E . High efficiency power factor correction using interleaving techniques[C]. IEEE APEC, Boston, USA, 1992: 557-568.
[2]	http://www.baike.com/wiki/内燃机.
[3]	范瑜 . 电气工程概论[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2010.
[4]	王兆安, 黄俊 . 电力电子技术[M]. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2007.
[5]	Zhang Z C, Ooi B T . Multimodular current-source SPWM converters for superconducting magnetic storage system[J]. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, 1993,8(3):250-255. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.63
[6]	Sumi Y, Harumoto Y, Hasegawa T , et al. New static VAR control using commutated inverters[J]. IEEE Trans. on Power Appar. Syst., 1981,100(9):4216-4224.
[7]	Zhang Z C, Kuang J, Ooi B T . Forced commutated HVDC and SVC based on phase-shifted multi- converter modules[J]. IEEE Trans. on Power Deliver, 1993,8(2):977-983.
[8]	Garth D R, Muldoon W J, Benson G C , et al. Multi-phase, 2 KW, high voltage, regulated power supply[C]. IEEE Power Conditioning Specialists Conference Record, 1971: 110-116.
[9]	Kurt K Hedel . High-density avionic power supply[J]. IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 1980,16(5):615-619.
[10]	Shortt D J, Michael W T, Avant R L , et al. A 600 Watt four stage phase-shifted-parallel DC-to-DC converter[C]. IEEE Power Electronics Specialist Conference Record, Toulouse, France: 1985: 136-143.
[11]	Wang Chuanyun . Investigation on interleaved boost converters and applications[D]. Virginia, USA: Virginia Tech., 2009.
[12]	Perreault D J, Kassakian J G . Distributed interleaving of paralleled power converters[J]. IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, 1997,44(8):728-734.
[13]	Zhang M T, Jovanovic M M, Lee F C Y . Analysis and evaluation of interleaving techniques in forward converters[J]. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, 1998,13(4):690-698. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.63
[14]	Chin Chang, Knights M A . Interleaving technique in distributed power conversion systems[J]. IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, 1995,42(5):245-251.
[15]	Wong Pit Leong . Performance improvements of multi-channel interleaving voltage regulator modules with integrated coupling inductors[D]. Virginia, USA: Virginia Tech., 2001.
[16]	Xu Peng . Multiphase voltage regulator modules with magnetic integration to power microprocessors[D]. Virginia, USA: Virginia Tech., 2002.
[17]	蔡宣三, 龚邵文 . 高频功率电子学[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1993.
[18]	Gordon Bloom, Rudy Severns . The generalized use of integrated magnetics and zero-ripple techniques in switch mode power converters[C]. IEEE-PESC, 1984: 15-33.
[19]	陈乾宏, 阮新波, 严仰光 . 开关电源中磁集成技术及其应用[J]. 电工技术学报, 2004,19(3):1-8.
	Chen Qianhong, Ruan Xinbo, Yan Yangguang . The application of the magnetic-integration techniques in switching power supply[J]. Transaction of China Electrotechnical Society, 2004,19(3):1-8.
[20]	Wong P L, Xu P, Yang B , et al. Performance improvements of interleaving VRMs with coupling inductors[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2001,16(4):499-507. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.63
[21]	卢增艺, 陈为 . 多通道交错并联反激变换器磁集成技术研究[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2009,29(18):41-46.
	Lu Zengyi, Chen Wei . Research on magnetic integration of multi-phase interleaving flyback converter[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2009,29(18):41-46.
[22]	Wong P, Xu P, Yang B , et al. Performance improvements of interleaving VRMs with coupling inductors[J]. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, 2006,16(4):499-507. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.63
[23]	Vandelac J P, Ziogas P D . A novel approach for minimizing high-frequency transformer copper losses[J]. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, 1988,3(3):266-277. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.63
[24]	Tsai Jiun Ren, Wu Tsai Fu, Wu Chang Yu , et al. Interleaving phase shifters for critical-mode Boost PFC[J]. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, 2008,23(3):1348-1357. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2008.921152
[25]	Xu Xiaojun, Wei Liu, Huang A Q . Two-phase interleaved critical mode PFC boost converter with closed loop interleaving strategy[J]. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, 2009,24(12):3003-3013. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2009.2019824
[26]	Su Yi Ping, Chen Chun Yen, Ni Chia Lung , et al. 92% high efficiency and low current mismatch interleaving power factor correction controller with variable sampling slope and automatic loading detection techniques[J]. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, 2013,28(11):5159-5173. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2013.2240395
[27]	Zhang Di, Wang Fei, Burgos R , et al. Common-mode circulating current control of paralleled interleaved three-phase two-level voltage-source converters with discontinuous space-vector modulation[J]. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, 2011,26(12):3925-3935. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2011.2131681
[28]	Garcia O, Zumel P, de Castro A , et al. Automotive DC-DC bidirectional converter made with many interleaved buck stages[J]. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, 2006,21(3):578-586. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2006.872379
[29]	Dwari S, Parsa L . An efficient high-step-up interleaved DC-DC converter with a common active clamp[J]. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, 2011,26(1):66-78. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2010.2051816
[30]	Roh Yong Seong, Moon Young Jin, Park Jeongpyo . A two-phase interleaved power factor correction boost converter with a variation-tolerant phase shifting technique[J]. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, 2014,29(2):1032-1040. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2013.2262313
[31]	Wang Laili, Pei Yunqing, Yang Xu , et al. Design of ultra thin LTCC coupled inductors for compact DC/DC converters[J]. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, 2011,26(9):2528-2541. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2011.2109043
[32]	Li Wuhua, Zhao Yi, Wu Jiande , et al. Interleaved high step-up converter with winding-cross-coupled inductors and voltage multiplier cells[J]. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, 2012,27(1):133-143. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2009.2028688
[33]	许化民, 龚春英, 严仰光 . 交错并联结构的双正激式DC/DC变换器[J]. 电力电子技术, 1999(4):7-9.
	Xu Huamin, Gong Chunying, Yan Yangguang . Double forw ard DC/ DC converter with interleaving and transformer paralleling[J]. Power Electronics, 1999,33(4):7-9.
[34]	杨玉岗, 李涛, 冯本成 . 交错并联磁集成双向DC/DC变换器的设计准则[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2012,32(30):37-45.
	Yang Yugang, Li Tao, Feng Bencheng . Design criterion for interleaving and magnetically integrated bidirectional DC/DC converters[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2012,32(30):37-45.
[35]	杨玉岗, 冯本成, 韩占岭 , 等. 四相VRM中无直流偏磁集成磁件[J]. 电工技术学报, 2012,27(4):88-93.
	Yang Yugang, Feng Bencheng, Han Zhanling , et al. Non DC-bias integrated magnetic components for 4-phase VRM[J]. Transaction of China Electrotechnical Society, 2012,27(4):88-93.
[36]	Chen Wei, Hua Guichao, Dan Sable , et al. Design of high efficiency, low profile, low voltage converter with integrated magnetics[C]. IEEE VPEC, Virginia, USA: 1997: 14-20.
[37]	Li Qiang . Low-profile magnetic integration for high-frequency point-of-load converter[D]. Virginia, USA: Virginia Tech., 2011.
[38]	Yan Dong . Investigation of multiphase coupled-inductor buck converters in point-of-load applications[D]. Virginia, USA: Virginia Tech., 2009.
[39]	杨玉岗, 李洪珠, 冯本成 . 三相电压调整模块中“EΠ”形耦合电感的建模与设计[J]. 电工技术学报, 2011,26(11):81-87.
	Yang Yugang, Li Hongzhu, Feng Bencheng . Modeling and design of “EΠ” core coupled inductor in 3-phase voltage regulator module[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2011,26(11):81-87.
[40]	Michele Hui Fern Lim . Low temperature co-fired ceramics technology for power magnetics integration[D]. Virginia, USA: Virginia Tech., 2008.
[41]	Li Jieli, Charles R Sullivan, Aaron Schultz . Coupled-inductor design optimization for fast-response low voltage DC-DC converters[C]. IEEE APEC, Dallas, USA, 2002,2:817-823.
[42]	Schultz A M, Sullivan C R . Voltage converter with coupled inductive windings and associated methods: U.S. 6, 362, 986[P]. 2002-03-02.
[43]	孙文, 林平, 卢冶 , 等. 用于电动汽车的双向DC/DC变换器控制设计[J]. 电力电子技术, 2012,46(7):40-42.
	Sun Wen, Lin Pin, Lu Ye , et al. Control design of a bi-directional DC/DC converter for electric vehicle[J]. Power Electronics, 2012,46(7):40-42.
[44]	陆治国, 祝万平, 刘捷丰 , 等. 一种新型交错并联双向DC/DC变换器[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2013,33(12):39-46.
	Lu Zhiguo, Zhu Wanping, Liu Jiefeng , et al. A novel interleaved parallel bidirectional DC/DC converter[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2013,33(12):39-46.
[45]	Liqin N, Dean J Patterson, Jerry L Hudgins . High power current sensorless bidirectional 16-phase interleaved DC-DC converter for hybrid vehicle application[J]. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, 2012,27(3):1141-1151. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2011.2165297
[46]	Hsieh Yao Ching, Chen Ming Ren, Cheng Hung Liang . An interleaved flyback converter featured with zero-voltage transition[J]. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, 2011,26(1):79-84. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2010.2051817
[47]	穆新华 . 交错并联式双管正激变换器工作模式分析及系统设计[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2004,24(12):38-42.
	Mu Xinhua . Model analysis and system design of interleaving double-transistor forward converter[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2004,24(12):38-42.
[48]	褚恩辉, 张化光, 刘秀翀 , 等. 新型交错并联双管正激软开关变换器[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2009,29(33):22-27.
	Chu Enhui, Zhang Huaguang, Liu Xiuchong , et al. Novel interleaving double switch forward soft switching converter[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2009,29(33):22-27.
[49]	Wu Hongfei, Xu Peng, Liu Wei , et al. Series-input interleaved forward converter with a shared switching leg for wide input voltage range applications[J]. IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, 2013,60(11):5029-5039. doi: 10.1109/TIE.2012.2221116
[50]	Li Wuhua, Fan Lingli, Zhao Yi , et al. High-step-up and high-efficiency fuel-cell power-generation system with active-clamp flyback-forward converter[J]. IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, 2012,59(1):599-610. doi: 10.1109/TIE.2011.2130499
[51]	Kong X, Khambadkone A M . Analysis and implementation of a high efficiency, interleaved current-fed full bridge converter for fuel cell system[J]. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, 2007,22(2):543-550. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2006.889985
[52]	牛志强 . 光伏发电系统中离网逆变器的研究[D]. 杭州:浙江大学, 2012.
[53]	Tanmoy Bhattacharya, Shriganesh Giri V, Mathew K , et al. Multiphase bidirectional flyback converter topology for hybrid electric vehicles[J]. IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, 2009,56(1):78-84. doi: 10.1109/TIE.2008.2004661
[54]	Zhan Wang, Hui Li . A soft switching three-phase current-fed bidirectional DC-DC converter with high efficiency over a wide input voltage range[J]. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, 2012,27(2):669-684. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2011.2160284
[55]	Pan Xuewei, Rathore A K Novel . Interleaved bidirectional snubberless soft-switching current-fed full-bridge voltage doubler for fuel-cell vehicles[J]. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, 2013,28(12):5535-5546. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2013.2252199

交错并联Buck变换器用于VRM		交错并联Boost变换器用于PFC
提高功率密度	减小电感,提高暂态性能	提高功率密度	电感不变,保持效率相同
	减小输出电流纹波,减小输出滤波器		减小输入电流纹波,减小EMI滤波器
	减小输入电流纹波,减小输入滤波器		减小输出电流纹波,可减小输出电容
热应力分布更加均匀		热应力分布更加均匀
降低成本（减小电容、标准化设计）		降低成本（减小电容、标准化设计）
扩容性（适应未来CPU的功率需求）		扩容性（适应未来服务器的功率需求）
提高轻载效率（相屏蔽）		提高轻载效率（相屏蔽）

交错并联磁集成Buck变换器用于VRM	交错并磁集成联Boost变换器用于PFC
减少元件数量	减少元件数量
减少通道电感电流纹波	保持通道电感电流纹波不变
提高稳态效率	减小电感器体积
提高暂态响应速度	提高暂态响应速度

内燃机	电力系统	DC-DC变换器
汽油发动机、柴油发动机、航空煤油发动机、燃气轮机	发电机、电动机、变压器	非隔离型、隔离型
2~12缸交错并联	三相交错并联	2~36相交错并联
各缸之间没有耦合	各相之间有磁耦合	各相之间可以不耦合,也可以磁耦合（磁集成）
将化学能变为机械能	将机械能变为工频电能（发电机）;将电能变为机械能（电动机）;电能的升、降压和电气隔离（变压器）;三相电网（电能传输）	将某一种直流电能变换为满足用户需求的精密直流电能（升压、降压、双向等）
为机械设备和交通设备（汽车、火车机车、飞机、舰船）提供动力	为电气设备提供动力（不调速电动机、白炽灯等）	为电子、电气设备提供精密电能（电机调速、计算机、LED等）
扩充容量、提高效率和功率密度、提高稳态性能和动态性能	扩充容量、显著提高效率、提高稳态性能和动态性能,实现电力系统的“大机组、大电网、高电压和大容量”	交错并联：扩充容量、提高效率尤其是轻载效率、提高功率密度、降低成本、减小输入输出电流纹波、均匀分布热应力交错并联磁集成：减少电感元件数量;提高稳态工作效率;提高暂态响应速度;减小每相电感电流纹波;减小磁心中柱的磁通纹波