电气工程学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (1): 206-224.doi: 10.11985/2022.01.027
肖曦1(), 田培根1(), 于璐2(), 吴岩3(), 慈松1, 朱冒煜4
收稿日期:
2021-10-12
修回日期:
2021-12-10
出版日期:
2022-03-25
发布日期:
2022-04-06
作者简介:
肖曦,男,1973年生,博士,教授。主要研究方向为电力储能与微电网技术,高性能电机控制,机器人驱动控制技术,海浪发电技术。E-mail: xiao_xi@tsinghua.edu.cn;基金资助:
XIAO Xi1(), TIAN Peigen1(), YU Lu2(), WU Yan3(), CI Song1, ZHU Maoyu4
Received:
2021-10-12
Revised:
2021-12-10
Online:
2022-03-25
Published:
2022-04-06
摘要:
动力电池梯次利用储能系统电热安全已经成为系统大规模建设推广的关键影响因素,亟待构建完善的动力电池梯次利用储能系统电热安全管理体系、研究系列安全管理方法、制定系列安全标准。空间上需要建立梯次电池单体、模组、系统整体全方位的电热安全管理方案;时间上需要建立电池筛选、系统构建、系统运行的安全操作策略;流程上需要建立安全风险识别、评估、安全预警分析、预案决策、执行的电热安全管控流程。本文对梯次电池储能系统的电热安全风险诱发机理和安全技术的最新研究进展进行了分析,梳理了梯次电池应用储能的政策标准、示范工程及储能电站事故;从梯次电池储能系统的单体、模组、系统三级分析了安全事故风险诱因;从电热两个层面,分析了相关安全保护技术的先进性和局限性;并对未来动力电池梯次利用储能系统在相关应用政策、安全风险机理研究、安全管理技术研究三个方面提出了建议。
中图分类号:
肖曦, 田培根, 于璐, 吴岩, 慈松, 朱冒煜. 动力电池梯次利用储能系统电热安全研究现状及展望*[J]. 电气工程学报, 2022, 17(1): 206-224.
XIAO Xi, TIAN Peigen, YU Lu, WU Yan, CI Song, ZHU Maoyu. Status and Prospect of Safety Studies of Cascade Power Battery Energy Storage System[J]. Journal of Electrical Engineering, 2022, 17(1): 206-224.
表1
动力电池梯次利用相关政策"
编号 | 发布时间 | 发布 部门 | 政策 | 简要内容 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2016 | 国家发展和改革委员会 | 《电动汽车动力蓄电池回收利用技术政策》 | 明确建立电动汽车动力电池编码制度,明确企业为电动汽车动力电池回收责任主体 |
2 | 2018 | 工业和信息化部 | 《新能源汽车动力蓄电池回收利用试点实施方案》 | 到2020年,建立完善动力蓄电池回收利用体系并探索形成动力蓄电池回收利用创新商业合作模式 |
3 | 2018 | 工业和信息化部 | 《新能源汽车动力蓄电池回收利用溯源管理暂行规定》 | 对动力蓄电池生产、销售、使用、报废、回收、利用等全过程进行信息采集并对各环节主体履行回收利用责任情况实施监测 |
4 | 2018 | 工业和信息化部 | 《关于做好新能源汽车动力蓄电池回收利用试点工作的通知》 | 结合实际情况对试点地区提出具体的蓄电池回收实施方案,推动汽车生产等相关企业落实蓄电池回收利用责任,构建回收利用体系和全生命周期监管机制 |
5 | 2020 | 工业和信息化部 | 《新能源汽车废旧动力蓄电池综合利用行业规范条件》 | 对关于梯次利用的设备和技术进行创新 |
6 | 2020 | 工业和信息化部节能与综合利用司 | 《新能源汽车动力蓄电池梯次利用管理办法》 | 规定了新能源汽车动力蓄电池梯次利用的企业要求、梯次产品要求和回收利用要求并详细制定了监督管理条例 |
7 | 2021 | 国家能源局 | 《新型储能项目管理规范(暂行)》 | 确定新建动力电池梯次利用储能项目,必须遵循全生命周期理念,建立电池一致性管理和溯源系统,梯次利用电池均要取得相应资质机构出具的安全评估报告 |
表2
动力电池利用相关标准"
标准类别 | 序号 | 发布时间 | 标准号 | 标准名称 |
---|---|---|---|---|
通用标准 | 1 | 2017 | GB/T 33598—2017 | 车用动力电池回收利用 拆解规范 |
2 | 2017 | GB/T 34013—2017 | 电动汽车用动力蓄电池产品规格尺寸 | |
3 | 2017 | GB/T 34014—2017 | 汽车动力蓄电池编码规则 | |
4 | 2017 | GB/T 34015—2017 | 车用动力电池回收利用 余能检测 | |
利用标准 | 5 | 2013 | DB44/T 1203—2013 | 电动汽车用锂离子动力电池回收利用规范 |
6 | 2017 | DB31/T 1053—2017 | 电动汽车动力蓄电池回收利用规范 | |
7 | 2018 | DB34/T 3077—2018 | 车用锂离子动力电池回收利用放电技术规范 | |
8 | 2020 | GB/T 34015.2—2020 | 车用动力电池回收利用 梯次利用 第2部分:拆卸要求 | |
管理规范标准 | 9 | 2020 | GB/T 38698.1—2020 | 车用动力电池回收利用管理规范 第1部分:包装运输 |
国外标准 | 10 | 2018 | UL 1974:2018 | 再利用电池的评估 |
表3
国外动力电池梯次利用示范工程"
序号 | 完成时间 | 参与国家 | 参与公司 | 具体工程 |
---|---|---|---|---|
4 | 2010 | 日本 | 日产汽车、住友商事株式会社、4R Energy公司 | 4R Energy公司由日产汽车和住友商事株式会社合资成立,主要解决汽车动力电池的二次利用问题,在美国和日本租售日产Leaf汽车的退役动力电池用作家庭储能设备 |
2 | 2010 | 美国/日本 | EnerDel公司、伊藤忠商社 | 合作将退役的汽车动力电池用于部分新建公寓的储能设备中 |
3 | 2010 | 美国/日本 | Duke Energy、伊藤忠商社 | 合作对将退役的汽车动力电池进行再利用研究,并用于辅助家庭供电 |
1 | 2011 | 美国/瑞典 | 通用公司、ABB集团 | 合作对雪佛兰汽车的退役动力电池进行梯次利用,主要用作商用备用电源或储存太阳能发电系统、风力发电系统所等所产生的电力 |
5 | 2015 | 日本 | Sharp公司 | 自主研发了智能功率调节器,将退役的动力电池用作家庭储能 |
6 | 2015 | 日本 | Toyota公司 | 利用凯美瑞汽车的退役动力电池,设计了整套管理系统,完成黄石国家公园设施的储能和供电,延长2倍退役电池的使用年限 |
7 | 2015 | 德国 | BOSCH集团 | 全部采用宝马ActiveE和i3电动汽车的退役动力电池建设了光伏电站储能系统 |
表4
国内动力电池梯次利用储能系统工程"
序号 | 完成时间 | 参与公司 | 位置 | 具体工程 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2013 | 国网河南省电力公司、南瑞集团 | 河南 郑州 | 尖山退役电池的储能示范工程 |
2 | 2016 | 国网冀北电力有限公司、许继集团 | 河北 张北 | 9 MW·h风光储输基地梯次利用储能工程 |
3 | 2016 | 比亚迪、普兰德 | 深圳 龙岗 | 比亚迪工业园10 MW/20 MW·h梯次利用储能工程 |
4 | 2017 | 比亚迪、煦达新能源科技有限公司 | 江苏 溧阳 | 180 kW/1.1 MW·h梯次利用储能工程 |
5 | 2017 | 远东福斯特新能源有限公司 | 江西 宜春 | 16 MW·h梯次利用储能 工程 |
6 | 2017 | 上海电巴新能源科技有限公司、杭州协能科技股份有限公司 | 浙江 杭州 | 2 MW·h梯次利用储能工程 |
7 | 2017 | 国网青海省电力公司、中国电力科学研究院 | 青海 西宁 | 风光水储微电网基地250 kW/500 kW·h梯次利用储能工程 |
8 | 2017 | 太湖能谷 | 浙江 长兴 | 250 kW/2.5 MW·h梯次利用储能工程 |
9 | 2019 | 国网江苏综合能源服务公司 | 江苏 南京 | 南京江北采用退役动力电池建设储能电站 |
10 | 2019 | 江苏慧智能源工程技术创新研究院有限公司 | 江苏 南通 | 360 kW/2 MW·h退役梯次利用储能工程 |
11 | 2020 | 国网浙江省电力有限公司 | 浙江 慈溪 | 浙江首套基于电动汽车退役动力电池梯次利用的微型电网侧储能系统项目 |
表8
功能性指标对比表"
功能性指标 | 传统分布式主动均衡电池管理系统 | 数字储能系统 |
---|---|---|
管控系统成本(占电池系统总成本比例) | 10%~15% | 15%~20% |
管控系统效率 | 85%(2次DC-DC变换) | 97% |
均衡能力 | 弱(2~5 A) | 强(15~20 A) |
对电池系统的充放电效率提升 | 无,只是做能量转移 | 20%~30% |
热管理难度 | 大,需要电池箱 | 小,不需要电池箱 |
安装成本 | 高,需要吊装 | 低,不需要吊装 |
运维成本 | 高,随电池更换而更换 | 低,只更换电池 |
电池更换 | 需要整组更换,需要吊装拆解 | 只需要换故障单体或模组 |
大容量单体或模组直接梯次利用 | 不支持,需要精细化分选 | 支持,容量不一致率容忍度100% |
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