储能电站锂离子电池火灾早期预警与抑制技术研究综述*

doi:10.11985/2022.04.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

锂离子电池的优良性能使之得到了广泛的应用，也是电化学储能电站的核心部件之一。然而储能电站的火灾、爆炸等事故，不但会给企业带来极大的经济损失，还会对整个产业的发展产生很大的影响，因此储能电站安全不容忽视。阐述了锂离子电池热失控致火灾的机理，重点归纳总结了当前国内外关于电池表面缺陷检测、电压、电流-超声波预警系统、声音预警系统和气体-声信号预警系统融合等锂离子电池热失控-火灾早期预警技术，研究了现有锂离子电池火灾灭火常用技术手段及优缺点。在此基础上，提出了适用于锂离子电池储能电站火灾的早期预警和火灾控制技术，为有效地提升储能系统安全防护水平，降低火灾发生的概率及火灾发生后的财产损失等应用提供了参考。

关键词: 锂离子电池, 储能电站, 火灾预警, 火灾抑制

Abstract:

The excellent performance of lithium-ion batteries makes them widely used, and it is also one of the core components of electrochemical energy storage power stations. However, accidents such as fires and explosions of energy storage power stations not only bring great economic losses to enterprises, but also have great impact on the development of the entire industry. Therefore, the safety of energy storage power stations cannot be ignored. The mechanism of lithium-ion battery thermal runaway and fire, and focuses on summarizing the runaway and fire early warning technology, such as current domestic and foreign research on battery surface defect detection, voltage, current-ultrasonic early warning system, sound early warning system and gas-acoustic signal early warning system fusion are expounded. The common technical means and advantages and disadvantages of existing lithium-ion battery fire extinguishing are also studied. On this basis, a fire early warning and fire control technology suitable for lithium-ion battery energy storage power stations is proposed, which can effectively improve the safety protection level of energy storage systems, reduce the probability of fire occurrence and property damage after fire occurrence.

Key words: Lithium-ion battery, energy storage power station, fire warning, fire suppression

中图分类号:

陈银, 肖如, 崔怡琳, 陈明毅. 储能电站锂离子电池火灾早期预警与抑制技术研究综述^*[J]. 电气工程学报, 2022, 17(4): 72-87.

CHEN Yin, XIAO Ru, CUI Yilin, CHEN Mingyi. Research Review on Early Warning and Suppression Technology of Lithium-ion Battery Fire in Energy Storage Power Station[J]. Journal of Electrical Engineering, 2022, 17(4): 72-87.

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时间	国家	案例
2021.4	中国	北京储能电站发生火灾爆炸事故，造成直接财产损失1 660.81万元
2021.4	美国	亚利桑那州盐河变电站内储能设施发生火灾，自事故发生以来焖烧5天并持续冒烟
2021.4	韩国	韩国一光伏储能系统起火
2021.7	澳大利亚	特斯拉澳大利亚最大储能电站发生火灾
2021.7	法国	一个集装箱内13 t锂电池完全着火，大火持续四天才被扑灭
2022.1	韩国	韩国蔚山南区SK能源公司电池储能大楼发生火灾
2022.1	中国	京港澳高速上一辆载满储能系统的火车突然起火
2022.2	美国	加州Moss Landing储能电站项目发生事故，这是该项目继2021年9月发生电池过热事件后，在不足半年时间里发生的第二起事故
2022.3	中国	中国台湾台中市龙井区龙港路工研院龙井储能场站发生意外失火
2022.3	德国	德国南部某家庭电池储能发生爆炸
2022.4	美国	美国Salt River Project锂离子电池储能系统发生火灾(10 MW)
2022.5	德国	德国卡尔夫区的Althengstett一个用户侧光伏储能系统发生爆炸
2022.6	法国	法国科西嘉岛Poggio-di-Nazzza镇一个光伏发电厂装有锂电的储能集装箱发生火灾，大量浓烟一直在整个东部平原蔓延

灭火剂	灭火原理	灭火效果
CO₂	通过气化达到冷却效果和隔绝氧气的效果来达到灭火效果	可以扑灭明火，降低燃烧温度，减弱爆炸强度，但其冷却效果并不足以一直降低锂电池的温度，阻断电池内部的放热反应，容易发生复燃
七氟丙烷	通过吸收火焰热量达到降温效果，同时分解大量自由基阻断燃烧链式反应	可以有效抑制锂电池火灾，抑制电池复燃，灭火速度快
全氟己酮	快速汽化带走大量热量，同时快速分解成氟化烷自由基，中断燃烧的链式反应	可以有效抑制锂电池火灾，且长效抑制火灾蔓延，防止电池发生复燃
水/细水雾/含添加剂细水雾	隔离氧气、吸热、添加剂化学抑制	可以有效阻止锂电池火灾，降温效果好，有电池短路风险
干粉	隔离氧气和化学抑制	可以扑灭明火，但降温效果不明显
气凝胶	化学抑制和惰性气体的稀释	可以扑灭明火，但降温效果不明显
泡沫	隔离氧气、吸热	可以扑灭明火，有复燃