发电侧共享储能运营机制与交易模式研究综述*

doi:10.11985/2023.01.021

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

发电侧共享储能因能够提升新能源场站的灵活性和提高储能利用率而受到广泛关注，但不够成熟的运营机制与交易模式阻碍了它的大规模发展。共享储能运营机制和交易模式的研究对支撑和鼓励多类型储能单元及其所有者参与能量共享具有重要意义，也是当前的研究热点领域。为此，从运营机制、交易模式两个方面进行了梳理和分析，讨论了分散式、集中式共享储能在需求满足、利益驱动不同投建目的下的运营机制；在此基础上从非合作博弈与合作博弈两个角度分析总结了目前共享储能的交易模式；并展望了共享储能在未来电网形态演变中的发展方向，以期为新型电力系统中电网、新能源储能、储能协同发展需求的研究和技术应用提供借鉴。

关键词: 发电侧, 共享储能, 运营机制, 交易模式, 博弈论

Abstract:

Shared energy storage on the generation side is widely concerned because it can improve the flexibility of new energy stations and the utilization rate of energy storage, but its large-scale development is hindered by the immature operation mode. The study of shared energy storage operation mechanism and trading model is important to support and encourage the participation of multiple energy storage units in energy sharing, and is also a current research hot spot. To this end, the operational mechanism and trading mode are sorted out and analyzed, and the operational mechanism of distributed and centralized shared energy storage under different investment and construction purposes of demand satisfaction and interest drive are discussed. On this basis, the current trading model of shared energy storage is summarized from two perspectives: non-cooperative game and cooperative game. And the development direction of shared energy storage in the evolution of the future power grid is discussed and foreseen, in order to provide a reference for the research and technology application of the synergistic development needs for the power grid, new energy storage, and energy storage in the new power system.

Key words: Generation side, shared energy storage, operation mechanism, trading mode, game theory

中图分类号:

TM561

李笑竹, 陈来军, 杜锡力, 温嘉鑫. 发电侧共享储能运营机制与交易模式研究综述^*[J]. 电气工程学报, 2023, 18(1): 188-200.

LI Xiaozhu, CHEN Laijun, DU Xili, WEN Jiaxin. Research Status and Prospect of Shared Energy Storage Operation Mechanism and Trading Mode on Generation Side[J]. Journal of Electrical Engineering, 2023, 18(1): 188-200.

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基本结构		运营机制
分类	适用对象	分类	特点
分散式	自行配置储能的单体发电量较大的新能源场站	各主体间自由交易	易实现，但互动机制复杂、风险较大
分散式	自行配置储能的单体发电量较大的新能源场站	运营商统一管理	需要支付费用，但可使共享储能发挥最大利用价值
集中式	单体发电量较小的新能源场站，自配储能时利用率不高、经济性较差	需求满足型	多个新能源场站为满足自身调节需求，联合投资共同建设共享储能
集中式	单体发电量较小的新能源场站，自配储能时利用率不高、经济性较差	利益驱动型	第三方主体出于盈利目的，应对多主体调节需求投建共享储能

模式分类		优点	缺点	使用场景
非合作博弈	双边交易	具有灵活性、自发性，可充分调度多主体参与的积极性	定价结构复杂，需要承担价格与交易量的风险	参与者数量较少的场景
非合作博弈	拍卖	可准确反映多主体间供需关系与偏好行为	存在过度竞争、不正当合作与非真实信息等缺陷	参与者数量较多，主体偏好行为复杂的场景
合作博弈		可权衡多方利益诉求，防止不良竞争	联盟不稳定、无法兼顾个体理性与整体理性	参与者多数处在竞争关系中，且存在利益冲突的场景

策略类型	优点	缺点	使用场景
VCG机制	高效，获得与其他主体相关利润	难以实现预算平衡，需要额外激励	有相关政策补贴的场景
Shapley值法	公平，按边际贡献分配	计算复杂程度大，可导致联盟不稳定	适用于参与储能共享的主体较多，且存在利益冲突的场景
核仁法	快速，按平均主义分配	复杂程度随参与者数量呈几何倍数增加	适用于参与储能共享的主体较多，且存在利益冲突的场景