航空线缆电弧故障引发电气火灾研究综述*

doi:10.11985/2023.03.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在航空领域中，线缆电弧引发的电气火灾是一项严重的安全隐患。随着多电/全电飞机的发展，航空电气系统对电气设计、安装提出了更高的安全要求。本文对航空线缆电弧故障引发电气火灾的原因、机理、检测、预防和扑灭进行了综述。调查统计了欧洲空中航行安全组织公开数据中由线缆电弧引发的飞机火灾事故并分析其原因，介绍了电弧引燃线缆机理研究的近况，然后结合目前国内外飞机实际情况，讨论了航空线缆电弧引发电气火灾的预警技术和灭火技术。针对航空线缆绝缘失效以及布线不当易引发电气火灾问题提出了预防建议，强调了发展高可靠性且能作用于飞机所有电气设备电弧探测技术、火灾预警技术和灭火系统的重要性，同时也提出探测电弧火源引发航空线缆的机理研究仍存在挑战。

关键词: 航空线缆, 电气线路互联系统, 线缆着火, 火灾探测器, 电弧故障检测

Abstract:

In the aviation field, electrical fires caused by cable arcs pose a significant safety hazard. With the development of more electric and all-electric aircraft, higher safety requirements are imposed on aviation electrical systems in terms of design and installation. A comprehensive review is presented of the causes, mechanisms, detection, prevention, and suppression of electrical fires caused by cable arcs in aviation. Incident data from the European Aviation Safety Agency(EASA) related to aircraft fires caused by cable arcs are collected and analyzed to identify the reasons behind such incidents. The current state of research on the arc ignition mechanism in cables is also discussed. Subsequently, considering the practical situations in both domestic and foreign aircraft, the warning and extinguishing techniques for electrical fires caused by cable arcs in aviation are discussed. Based on the issues of cable insulation failure and improper wiring leading to electrical fires, preventive measures are proposed, emphasizing the importance of developing highly reliable arc detection techniques, fire warning systems, and firefighting capabilities applicable to all electrical equipment on aircraft. However, challenges remain in understanding the mechanisms of arc ignition causing electrical fires in aviation cables.

Key words: Aviation cable, electrical wiring interconnection system, cable fire, fire detector, arc fault detection

中图分类号:

TM247

刘苏德, 王子昕, 靖子洋, 施大伟, 吴淑群. 航空线缆电弧故障引发电气火灾研究综述^*[J]. 电气工程学报, 2023, 18(3): 18-34.

LIU Sude, WANG Zixin, JING Ziyang, SHI Dawei, WU Shuqun. Review of Electrical Fires Caused by Cable Arcing Faults in Aviation[J]. Journal of Electrical Engineering, 2023, 18(3): 18-34.

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类型	型号	用途	标准	绝缘	护套	工作温度/℃	额定电压	标称截面/ mm²
镀银铜芯聚四氟乙烯绝缘电缆	FF4-2(Q), FF4P21-2(Q), FF4P31-2((Q))	交流额定电压600 V及以下的飞机布线及电器设备	GJB 773A/3A—2000	PTFE	—	-65~+200	600 V/Q型为250 V	0.08~8.0
	FF4H3-2(Q), FF4P21H3-2(Q), FF4P31H3-2(Q), FF4P23H3-2(Q), FF4P33H3-2(Q)				FEP
	FF4P21H5-2(Q), FF4P31H5-2(Q), FF4H5-2(Q)，FF4P23H5-2(Q), FF4P33H5-2(Q)				PTFE
镀镍铜芯聚四氟乙烯绝缘电缆	FF4-3(Q), FF4P31-3((Q))	交流额定电压250 V及以下的飞机布线及电器设备	GJB 773A/2A—2000 GJB 773A/4A—2000	PTFE	—	-65~+260	600 V/Q型为250 V	0.035~1.0
	FF4H9-3(Q), FF4P31H9-3(Q), FF4P33H9-3(Q)				PFA
	FF4H5-3(Q), FF4P31H5-3(Q), FF4P33H5-3(Q)				PTFE
镀锡铜芯聚全氟乙丙烯绝缘电缆	FF46-1, FF46P11-1	可在高低温及各种恶劣环境中作电器、仪表、设备的电气连接	GJB 773A/11A—2000	FEP	—	-65~+200	600 V	0.14~2.0 / 0.14~8.0
	FF46H3-1, FF46P11H3-1, FF46P13H3-1				FEP
	FF46H10-1, FF46P11H10-1, FF46P13H10-1				ETFE
镀银铜芯聚全氟乙丙烯绝缘电缆	FF46-2, FF46P21-2, FF46P31-2	可在高低温及各种恶劣环境中作电器、仪表、设备的电气连接	GJB 773A/8A—2000	FEP	—	-65~+200	600 V	0.14~8.0
镀银铜芯聚全氟乙丙烯绝缘电缆	FF46H3-2, FF46P21H3-2, FF46P31H3-2, FF46P23H3-2, FF46P33H3-2	可在高低温及各种恶劣环境中作电器、仪表、设备的电气连接	GJB 773A/8A—2000	FEP	FEP	-65~+200	600 V	0.14~8.0
镀银铜芯聚全氟乙丙烯绝缘轻型电缆	FF46-2Q, FF46P21-2Q, FF46P31-2Q	适用于交流额定电压250 V及以下的飞机布线、电器设备	GJB 773A/10A—2000	FEP	—	-65~+200	250 V	0.08~8.0
	FF46H3-2Q, FF46P21H3-2Q, FF46P31H3-2Q, FF46P23H3-2Q, FF46P33H3-2Q				FEP
	FF46H6-2Q, FF46P21H6-2Q, FF46P31H6-2Q, FF46P23H6-2Q, FF46P33H6-2Q				PI/FEP 复合带

标准编号	标准名称
IEC 60332.1—2004	单根绝缘电线或电缆垂直火焰传播试验
IEC 60332.2—2004	单根小绝缘电线或电缆垂直火焰传播试验
IEC 60332.3—2018	成束电线或电缆的垂直火焰蔓延试验
GB/T 12666.1—2008	单根电线电缆燃烧试验方法第1部分：垂直燃烧试验
GB/T 12666.2—2008	单根电线电缆燃烧试验方法第2部分：水平燃烧试验
GB/T 12666.3—2008	单根电线电缆燃烧试验方法第3部分：倾斜燃烧试验
GB/T 18380.1—2001	电缆在火焰条件下的燃烧试验第1部分：单根绝缘电线或电缆的垂直燃烧试验方法
GB/T 18380.2—2001	电缆在火焰条件下的燃烧试验第2部分：单根铜心绝缘细电线或电缆垂直燃烧试验方法
GB/T 18380.3—2001	电缆在火焰条件下的燃烧试验第3部分：成束电线或电缆的燃烧试验方法
BS 4066.3—2000	成束电线电缆着火条件下测试
UL 1666—2017	电缆和光缆垂直安装在竖井中时火焰蔓延高度的测试
UL 1581—2019	电线电缆和软线参考标准
NFPA 262—2019	电线电缆燃烧和发烟特性的标准测试方法

研究内容	结果
线缆点燃特性研究	主要利用热辐射加热箱、锥形量热仪和火焰增长量热仪等试验设备，研究材料燃烧对应的点燃时间、燃烧速度、质量损失率等参数^[44⇓-46]
线缆烟气特性研究	研究材料燃烧后密闭空间悬浮在空气中颗粒浓度的烟密度和O₂、CO、CO₂、HCl等不同气体成分及浓度变化^{[47⇓⇓-50]}

检测方法	优点	缺点
时域	检测速度快，硬件实现简单	故障信息有限，容易丢失
频域	算法成熟	非正弦波检测效率低
时域-频域	检测效率高	算法复杂，硬件实现困难

子防火区域	火灾探测器类型	灭火器类型
发动机灭火系统	感温	固定式
APU舱灭火系统	感温	固定式
客舱灭火系统	感烟	手提式
货舱灭火系统	感烟	固定式
主起落架舱灭火系统	感温	固定式
引气管区域系统	感温	固定式