锂离子电池热失控模型综述*

doi:10.11985/2022.04.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

锂离子电池具有能量密度高、循环性能好以及绿色环保等优点，在电动汽车以及储能领域得到了广泛的应用。然而，近年来热失控引发的火灾和爆炸事故激增，成为制约锂离子电池大规模应用的桎梏。因此，锂离子电池的热安全问题成为储能领域的研究热点，其中仿真模拟技术凭借其能够降低经济和时间成本的优势，成为研究电池热失控特征和促进锂离子安全应用的重要手段。按照单体电池到电池模组的思路，对锂离子电池热失控建模的国内外研究进展进行了综述。阐明了锂离子电池内部的产热机制和相应的热动力学建模方法，总结了锂离子电池排气以及后续气体燃烧爆炸的模型进展，分析了热阻网络模型和计算流体力学模型在电池组热失控传播行为预测上的应用，最后对锂离子电池热失控建模研究进行了展望。

关键词: 锂离子电池, 热失控, 数值模拟

Abstract:

With relatively high energy density, extended cycle lifespan and trivial environmental pollution, the lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely employed in the electric vehicles and energy storage systems. However, the recent proliferating fire and explosion accidents caused by thermal runaway(TR) has been the main shackles of restricting the large-scale application of LIBs. Therefore, the thermal safety issue of LIBs is research focus of energy storage field, where simulation is regarded as the critical technology to investigate the characteristics of TR and promote the safe application of LIBs considering its negligible cost in time and economics. The research progress of TR modelling works of LIBs at home and abroad is reviewed from the single cell scale to battery pack scale. The heat generation mechanism within batteries and corresponding thermodynamic modelling methods are expounded. Progress made in modelling the venting, combustion and explosion of gases generated by LIBs is summarized. The application of thermal resistance network model and computational fluid dynamics model in predicting the TR propagation behaviour of battery pack is analysed. Finally, the future research on TR thermal modelling of LIBs is discussed.

Key words: Lithium-ion battery, thermal runaway, numerical simulation

中图分类号:

TM561

王功全, 孔得朋, 平平, 吕宏鹏. 锂离子电池热失控模型综述^*[J]. 电气工程学报, 2022, 17(4): 61-71.

WANG Gongquan, KONG Depeng, PING Ping, LÜ Hongpeng. Thermal Runaway Modeling of Lithium-ion Batteries: A Review[J]. Journal of Electrical Engineering, 2022, 17(4): 61-71.

图/表 6

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反应	反应表达式	初始条件
SEI膜分解	$\frac{\mathrm{d}{{c}_{SEI}}}{\mathrm{d}t}=-{{A}_{SEI}}{{c}_{SEI}}\text{exp}\left( -\frac{E{{a}_{SEI}}}{RT} \right)$	c_SEI_,0=0.15
负极与电解液反应	$\frac{\mathrm{d}{{c}_{a}}}{\mathrm{d}t}=-{{A}_{a}}{{c}_{a}}\text{exp}\left( -\frac{E{{a}_{a}}}{RT} \right)\text{exp}\left( -\frac{{{c}_{SEI}}}{{{c}_{SEI,ref}}} \right)$	c_a_,0=0.75
正极与电解液反应	$\frac{\mathrm{d}{{\alpha }_{c}}}{\mathrm{d}t}={{A}_{c}}{{\alpha }_{c}}\left( 1-{{\alpha }_{c}} \right)\text{exp}\left( -\frac{E{{a}_{c}}}{RT} \right)$	〈_c_,0=0.04
内部短路	$\frac{\mathrm{dSOC}}{\mathrm{d}t}=-{{T}_{ISC}}{{A}_{ec}}\mathrm{SOC}\text{exp}\left( -\frac{E{{a}_{ec}}}{RT} \right)$	—
电解液分解	$\frac{\mathrm{d}{{c}_{e}}}{\mathrm{d}t}=-{{A}_{e}}{{c}_{e}}\text{exp}\left( -\frac{E{{a}_{e}}}{RT} \right)$	ce_,0=1
粘结剂分解	$\frac{\mathrm{d}{{c}_{PVDF}}}{\mathrm{d}t}=-{{A}_{PVDF}}{{c}_{PVDF}}\text{exp}\left( -\frac{E{{a}_{PVDF}}}{RT} \right)$	c_PVDF_,0=1

电池材料	A/s^-1		Ea/(J/mol)	H/(J/kg)	W/(kg/m³)
SEI膜	1.667×10¹⁵		1.3508×10⁵	2.57×10⁵	94.7
负极	石墨	2.5×10¹³	1.35×10⁵	1.714×10⁶	610.4
负极	Li₄Ti₅O₁₂	5.21×10¹⁹	1.88×10⁵	2.568×10⁵	610.4
正极	LiCoO₂	3.14×10⁵	6.667×10¹³	1.396×10⁵	1 300
	LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂	2.18×10⁵	7.25×10¹⁶	1.3×10⁵	1 274
	Li_1.1(Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3)_0.9O₂	7.9×10⁵	2.25×10¹⁴	1.54×10⁵	1 293
	LiFePO₄	1.94×10⁵	2.0×10⁸	1.03×10⁵	960
电解液溶剂	EC : DEC	1.4×10¹¹⁵	1.015×10⁶	1.635×10⁵	406.9
	EC : DMC	1.95×10⁴⁰	3.742×10⁵	2.312×10⁵	406.9
	PC : DEC	3.92×10⁷¹	6.333×10⁵	3.128×10⁵	406.9
	PC : DEC	7.53×10¹⁹	1.882×10⁵	3.209×10⁵	406.9
粘结剂	PVDF	1.91×10²⁵	2.86×10⁵	1.5×10⁶	81.4