Application Prospect Analysis of Solid-state Lithium Battery in Vehicle

doi:10.11985/2022.04.010

Abstract

Abstract:

Currently, liquid lithium-ion batteries are the most common type of power battery used in new energy vehicles, however, liquid lithium-ion batteries have the problems that electrolyte is prone to leakage and is flammable and explosive. Due to the use of lithium metal as the negative electrode material, the solid-state lithium batteries have a high energy density, and substitute the flammable and explosive liquid electrolyte with solid electrolyte that is neither flammable nor explosive. For these reasons, the solid-state lithium batteries will have wide range application prospects in new energy vehicles and other carriers. The research status of secondary chemical batteries is reviewed, including lead-acid batteries, nickel-based batteries and lithium-ion batteries that are currently widely used. The electrode and electrolyte technology of solid-state lithium-ion batteries are emphatically analyzed. The main electrolyte types of solid-state lithium batteries are oxides, sulfides and polymers. From the perspective of electrolyte types, the relevant technical development level and industrialization progress of solid-state lithium batteries are analyzed. Finally, the characteristics of various carriers are summarized and the application prospects of solid-state lithium batteries in various carriers are reasonably analyzed.

Key words: Solid-state lithium batteries, power battery, space power supply, solid electrolyte, application prospects

CLC Number:

TM911

LI Weicong, MU Hao, SHEN Henglong, YU Quanqing. Application Prospect Analysis of Solid-state Lithium Battery in Vehicle[J]. Journal of Electrical Engineering, 2022, 17(4): 88-102.

Figures/Tables 11

References 72

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锂离子电池参数	消费型	动力型	储能型
单体能量密度/(W·h/kg)	≥230	三元材料≥210 其他材料≥160	≥145
电池组能量密度/ (W·h/kg)	≥180	三元材料≥150 其他材料≥115	≥100
循环次数(容量保持80%)	500	1 000	5 000

电池参数	铅酸电池	镍镉电池	镍氢电池	液态锂电池	固态锂电池
质量能量密度/(W·h/kg)	40~70	40~60	60~120	120~250	300~700
体积能量密度/(W·h/L)	65~80	160~180	320~350	200~400	400~ 1 200
循环次数 (容量保持80%)	400~600	500~ 1 000	500~ 1 800	800~ 3 000	1 000
单体额定电压/V	2	1.2	1.2	3.6	—
电压工作范围/V	1.5~2.4	1.0~1.4	1.0~1.4	2.7~4.2	—
安全性	较安全	较安全	较安全	安全	很安全
有害物质	铅	镉	无	无	无
单位成本/[元/(W·h)]	0.6	7.5	2.5~5.5	0.7~1.8	1.9~3.5
记忆效应	无	有	无	无	无
每月自放电率(%)	15~30	15~30	25~35	2~5	—

年份	企业	电解质类型	研究进展
2011	法国博洛雷	聚合物	30 kW·h固态聚合物电池， LFP正极锂负极，能量密度110 W·h/kg，为保证电池正常工作温度(60~80 ℃)需要采用加热器
2021	法国博洛雷&戴姆勒	聚合物	441 kW·h聚合物固态锂电池，工作温度50~80 ℃，电芯能量密度250 W·h/kg，熔融态电解质导致内部短路而失败
2020	丰田	硫化物	两台丰田LQ概念车搭载固态电池
2022	蔚来汽车 &卫蓝新能源	氧化物	预计在2023年将固液混合态锂电池搭载于蔚来ET7车型，能量密度360 W·h/kg
2021	赣锋锂业 &东风	氧化物	单体能量密度350 W·h/kg，400次循环能力，50辆样车投入使用
2022	上汽&清陶	氧化物	预计2023年搭载清陶长续航固态动力电池产品实现1 000 km以上续航

年份	航天器	储能电源类型	主要特点	年份	航天器	储能电源类型	主要特点
1961	美国子午仪导航卫星	放射性同位素热电机(RTG)	寿命：20~40年	2005	GIOVE-A	锂离子电池	AEA公司研制，采用Sony的18650单体，4组蓄电池，60 A·h
1969	美国阿波罗号飞船	同位素加热器/锌银电池	—	2008	GIOVE-B	锂离子电池	SAFT研制，VES100单体，3P9S组成81 A·h
1997	美国火星探路者探测器	锌银电池	电压：27 V，容量：40 A·h，比能量：73 W·h/kg	2007	NASA“凤凰号”	锂离子电池	2组，每组8串，25 A·h，共50 A·h
2000	STRV-1d	锂离子电池	比能量：100 W·h/kg(首次)	2011	Pleiades HR-1A	锂离子电池	2组蓄电池组，一组75 A·h，52P8S分四个模块，一个模块13P8S，能量密度107 W·h/kg，工作温度0~40 ℃
2001	PROBA	锂离子电池	每月400次充放电循环，放电深度8%~15%，在轨运行时间最长的锂离子蓄电池组(超过10年)	2011	NASA“好奇号”	锂离子蓄电池和热电池/放射性同位素温差发电器	—
2003	ESA的火星快车项目	锂离子电池	能量密度115 W·h/kg，电池组能量1 554 W· h，地面 9 280次循环，放电深度5%~67.55%	2010	国际空间站	镍氢电池/锂离子电池	2020年国际空间站所使用的镍氢电池已全部更换为锂离子蓄电池，但是备用电源仍为镍氢电池组
2004	W3A卫星	锂离子电池	国际第一颗采用锂离子电池组的高轨道卫星，首次将锂离子蓄电池组应用于GEO卫星，SAFT所研制，单体能量密度：125 W·h/kg，单体并联18 kW·h，单体串联50 V	2013	Alphasat(阿尔法)卫星	锂离子电池	SAFT所研制，采用第五代高比能量(153 W·h/kg)锂离子电池单体VES180，6P23S

年份	航天器	储能电源类型	主要特点
2016	天宫二号空间实验室	镍氢电池	3组6个镍氢电池模块，总容量120 A·h
2020	嫦娥五号	锂离子电池	钴酸锂正极、石墨负极能量密度：195 W·h/kg (目前航天用最大值)
2021	空间站天和核心舱	锂离子电池	6组锂离子蓄电池，每组66个单体电池，充电温度检测，需要定期在轨更换锂离子电池
2021	神舟十二号	锂离子电池	采用陶瓷隔膜，防止内短路，电池组使用阻燃材料，防止热失控
2022	神舟十四号	锌银蓄电池	贵州梅岭电源研制，工作温度0~50 ℃，寿命10个月