Review of Electrical Fires Caused by Cable Arcing Faults in Aviation

doi:10.11985/2023.03.003

Abstract

Abstract:

In the aviation field, electrical fires caused by cable arcs pose a significant safety hazard. With the development of more electric and all-electric aircraft, higher safety requirements are imposed on aviation electrical systems in terms of design and installation. A comprehensive review is presented of the causes, mechanisms, detection, prevention, and suppression of electrical fires caused by cable arcs in aviation. Incident data from the European Aviation Safety Agency(EASA) related to aircraft fires caused by cable arcs are collected and analyzed to identify the reasons behind such incidents. The current state of research on the arc ignition mechanism in cables is also discussed. Subsequently, considering the practical situations in both domestic and foreign aircraft, the warning and extinguishing techniques for electrical fires caused by cable arcs in aviation are discussed. Based on the issues of cable insulation failure and improper wiring leading to electrical fires, preventive measures are proposed, emphasizing the importance of developing highly reliable arc detection techniques, fire warning systems, and firefighting capabilities applicable to all electrical equipment on aircraft. However, challenges remain in understanding the mechanisms of arc ignition causing electrical fires in aviation cables.

Key words: Aviation cable, electrical wiring interconnection system, cable fire, fire detector, arc fault detection

CLC Number:

TM247

LIU Sude, WANG Zixin, JING Ziyang, SHI Dawei, WU Shuqun. Review of Electrical Fires Caused by Cable Arcing Faults in Aviation[J]. Journal of Electrical Engineering, 2023, 18(3): 18-34.

Figures/Tables 21

References 91

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年份	事故	直接原因
1996	TWA800，美国	绝缘失效
1998	MD-11，加拿大	布线不当
1998	B767-300，法国	绝缘失效
2002	B737-400，英国	绝缘失效
2004	Transall C-160，法国	绝缘失效
2006	ATR42-300，瑞士	布线不当
2007	B777-222，英国	布线不当
2009	G-JEDI，英国	布线不当
2009	A319，英国	布线不当
2011	T153，俄罗斯	布线不当
2011	B777-299，埃及	布线不当
2012	F-22，美国	布线不当
2015	DHC8-200，美国	布线不当
2016	E190，美国	布线不当
2017	B773，澳大利亚	布线不当

类型	型号	用途	标准	绝缘	护套	工作温度/℃	额定电压	标称截面/ mm²
镀银铜芯聚四氟乙烯绝缘电缆	FF4-2(Q), FF4P21-2(Q), FF4P31-2((Q))	交流额定电压600 V及以下的飞机布线及电器设备	GJB 773A/3A—2000	PTFE	—	-65~+200	600 V/Q型为250 V	0.08~8.0
	FF4H3-2(Q), FF4P21H3-2(Q), FF4P31H3-2(Q), FF4P23H3-2(Q), FF4P33H3-2(Q)				FEP
	FF4P21H5-2(Q), FF4P31H5-2(Q), FF4H5-2(Q)，FF4P23H5-2(Q), FF4P33H5-2(Q)				PTFE
镀镍铜芯聚四氟乙烯绝缘电缆	FF4-3(Q), FF4P31-3((Q))	交流额定电压250 V及以下的飞机布线及电器设备	GJB 773A/2A—2000 GJB 773A/4A—2000	PTFE	—	-65~+260	600 V/Q型为250 V	0.035~1.0
	FF4H9-3(Q), FF4P31H9-3(Q), FF4P33H9-3(Q)				PFA
	FF4H5-3(Q), FF4P31H5-3(Q), FF4P33H5-3(Q)				PTFE
镀锡铜芯聚全氟乙丙烯绝缘电缆	FF46-1, FF46P11-1	可在高低温及各种恶劣环境中作电器、仪表、设备的电气连接	GJB 773A/11A—2000	FEP	—	-65~+200	600 V	0.14~2.0 / 0.14~8.0
	FF46H3-1, FF46P11H3-1, FF46P13H3-1				FEP
	FF46H10-1, FF46P11H10-1, FF46P13H10-1				ETFE
镀银铜芯聚全氟乙丙烯绝缘电缆	FF46-2, FF46P21-2, FF46P31-2	可在高低温及各种恶劣环境中作电器、仪表、设备的电气连接	GJB 773A/8A—2000	FEP	—	-65~+200	600 V	0.14~8.0
镀银铜芯聚全氟乙丙烯绝缘电缆	FF46H3-2, FF46P21H3-2, FF46P31H3-2, FF46P23H3-2, FF46P33H3-2	可在高低温及各种恶劣环境中作电器、仪表、设备的电气连接	GJB 773A/8A—2000	FEP	FEP	-65~+200	600 V	0.14~8.0
镀银铜芯聚全氟乙丙烯绝缘轻型电缆	FF46-2Q, FF46P21-2Q, FF46P31-2Q	适用于交流额定电压250 V及以下的飞机布线、电器设备	GJB 773A/10A—2000	FEP	—	-65~+200	250 V	0.08~8.0
	FF46H3-2Q, FF46P21H3-2Q, FF46P31H3-2Q, FF46P23H3-2Q, FF46P33H3-2Q				FEP
	FF46H6-2Q, FF46P21H6-2Q, FF46P31H6-2Q, FF46P23H6-2Q, FF46P33H6-2Q				PI/FEP 复合带

标准编号	标准名称
IEC 60332.1—2004	单根绝缘电线或电缆垂直火焰传播试验
IEC 60332.2—2004	单根小绝缘电线或电缆垂直火焰传播试验
IEC 60332.3—2018	成束电线或电缆的垂直火焰蔓延试验
GB/T 12666.1—2008	单根电线电缆燃烧试验方法第1部分：垂直燃烧试验
GB/T 12666.2—2008	单根电线电缆燃烧试验方法第2部分：水平燃烧试验
GB/T 12666.3—2008	单根电线电缆燃烧试验方法第3部分：倾斜燃烧试验
GB/T 18380.1—2001	电缆在火焰条件下的燃烧试验第1部分：单根绝缘电线或电缆的垂直燃烧试验方法
GB/T 18380.2—2001	电缆在火焰条件下的燃烧试验第2部分：单根铜心绝缘细电线或电缆垂直燃烧试验方法
GB/T 18380.3—2001	电缆在火焰条件下的燃烧试验第3部分：成束电线或电缆的燃烧试验方法
BS 4066.3—2000	成束电线电缆着火条件下测试
UL 1666—2017	电缆和光缆垂直安装在竖井中时火焰蔓延高度的测试
UL 1581—2019	电线电缆和软线参考标准
NFPA 262—2019	电线电缆燃烧和发烟特性的标准测试方法

研究内容	结果
线缆点燃特性研究	主要利用热辐射加热箱、锥形量热仪和火焰增长量热仪等试验设备，研究材料燃烧对应的点燃时间、燃烧速度、质量损失率等参数^[44⇓-46]
线缆烟气特性研究	研究材料燃烧后密闭空间悬浮在空气中颗粒浓度的烟密度和O₂、CO、CO₂、HCl等不同气体成分及浓度变化^{[47⇓⇓-50]}

检测方法	优点	缺点
时域	检测速度快，硬件实现简单	故障信息有限，容易丢失
频域	算法成熟	非正弦波检测效率低
时域-频域	检测效率高	算法复杂，硬件实现困难