Characterization and Measurement of Dielectric Properties of Nonlinear Insulating Dielectrics

doi:10.11985/2018.11.002

Abstract

Abstract:

Nonlinearity is one of the key factors leading to the complexity of the problem, and exists in almost all physical phenomena. The nonlinear dielectric behavior of electrical insulating dielectric provides a more extensive research space on the scientific, and it provides the new way to solve the bottleneck problem in the R & D of higher voltage class power equipment. The nonlinear insulating material with the function of electric field regulation is called "smart insulating materials", and has been widely used in the corona protection structures in large motor and cable accessories. With the development of HVDC insulation technology, more and more attentions have been paid to the study on nonlinear dielectric properties and mechanism of electrical insulating materials and insulation structures. The characterization and measurement of dielectric properties of nonlinear insulating dielectrics is an extremely challenging research topic, and it is also the inescapable key fundamental problem. In the steady-state DC field, the dielectric characteristics of nonlinear insulating dielecrics is characterized by volt-ampere characteristics or the relationship between electrical conductivity and electric field strength, and the corresponding measurement technique is relatively simple. In the steady-state AC field, the dielectric characteristics of nonlinear insulating dielecrics are characterized using the relationships of the equivalent (relative) dielectric constant and the equivalent conductivity with the electric field, and the key technique of measurement is how to decompose accurately the resistive current and the capacitive current. The parameters system for characterizing the dielectric characteristics of nonlinear insulating dielectrics under transient electric field has not been established, and the measurement technology is the most complex, so the related research needs to be carried out urgently.

Key words: Nonlinear insulating dielectrics, dielectric characteristics, characterization parameters, transient dielectric characteristics, measurement technology

CLC Number:

TM215

Li Zhonghua. Characterization and Measurement of Dielectric Properties of Nonlinear Insulating Dielectrics[J]. Journal of Electrical Engineering, 2018, 13(11): 11-20.

Figures/Tables 7

Fig.1

Fig.2

Fig.3

Tab.1

Fig.4

Fig.5

Fig.6

References 63

[1]	Varlow B R . Nonlinear fillers in electrical insulation[J]. IEE Proc Sci Meas Technology, 1997,144(3):453-461. doi: 10.3390/molecules23123153 pmid: 30513654
[2]	Qi X, Zheng Z, Boggs S . Engineering with nonlinear dielectrics[J]. IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 2004,20(6):27-34. doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02844 pmid: 31405278
[3]	Sun Ying, Ma Shilei, Steven A Boggs . Mechanism for omposite materials with dielectric constant which increases with electric field[J]. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2015,22(3):1719-1722. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1604145113 pmid: 27078108
[4]	何金良, 谢竟成, 胡军 . 改善不均匀电场的非线性复合材料研究进展[J]. 高电压技术, 2014,40(3):637-647.
	He Jinliang, Xie Jingcheng, Hu Jun . Progress of nonlinear polymer composites for improving nonuniform electrical fields[J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2014,40(3):637-647.
[5]	Tavemier K, Varlow B R, Auchland D W , et al. Inprovement in electrical by nonlinear fillers[J]. IEE Proc Sci Meas Technology, 1999,146(2):145-149.
[6]	Donzel L, Freuter F, Christen T . Nonlinear resistive electric field grading part 2: materials and applications[J]. IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 2011,27(2):18-29. doi: 10.1109/MEI.2011.5739419
[7]	Staubach Christian, Hildinger Thomas, Staubach Axel . Comprehensive electrical and thermal analysis of the stress grading system of a large hydro generator[J]. IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 2018,34(1):37-39. doi: 10.1109/MEI.2018.8246120
[8]	Al-Gheilani A, Rowe W, Li Yongxiang, et al. Stress control methods on a high voltage insulator: a review [C]. ICEP, 2016: 95-100.
[9]	Sharifi E, Jayaram S H, Cherney E A . Temperature and electric field dependence of stress grading on form-wound motor coils[J]. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2010,17(1):264-270. doi: 10.1109/TDEI.2010.5412026
[10]	胡军, 赵孝磊, 杨霄 , 等. 非线性电导材料应力锥改善电缆终端电场强度分布[J]. 高电压技术, 2017,43(2):398-404.
	Hu Jun, Zhao Xiaolei, Yang Xiao , et al. Improving the electric field strength distribution of cable terminals by stress cone of nonlinear conductivity material[J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2017,43(2):398-404.
[11]	冯鑫, 佟庆彬, 袁立敏 , 等. 超导电缆终端用非线性复合材料研究进展[J]. 绝缘材料, 2017,50(12):10-14.
	Feng Xin, Tong Qingbin, Yuan Limin , et al. Research progress in nonlinear polymer composites for superconducting cable terminal[J]. Insulating Materials, 2017,50(12):10-14.
[12]	Boggs S A, Dammon D H . Effect of insulation properties on the field grading of solid dielectric DC cable[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2011,16(4):456-461. doi: 10.1109/61.956720
[13]	Sellars A G, , Macgregor S J. The design of dielectric barriers for HVDC bushings[C].IEE Colloquium on Field Modelling: Applications to High Voltage Power Apparatus,London,UK, 1996:3/1-3/6.
[14]	Ying S, Cherney E A, Jayaram S H. Electric stress grading of composite bushings using high dielectric constant silicone compositions [C].IEEE International Symposium on Electrical Insulation, Indianapolis, USA, 2004: 320-323.
[15]	Monga S, Gorur R S, Hansen P , et al. Design optimization of high voltage bushing using electric field computations[J]. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electric Insulation, 2006,13(6):1217-1224. doi: 10.1109/TDEI.2006.258193
[16]	Onneby C, Martensson E, Gafvert U, et al. Electrical properties of field grading materials influenced by the silicon carbide grain size [C]. Proceedings of IEEE 7th International Conference on Solid Dieletrics, Eindhoven, Netherlands, 2001: 43-45.
[17]	Hubert Bilodeau, Saman Babaei, Bruno Bisewski . Making old new again: HVDC and FACTS in the northeastern united states and canada[J]. IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 2016,14(2):42-56. doi: 10.1109/MPE.2015.2501198
[18]	国家能源局.电力发展“十三五”规划(发布稿). 2016.
[19]	Steven Boggs, Dwight H Damon, Jesper Hjerrild , et al. Effect of insulation properties on the field grading of solid dielectric DC cable[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2001,16(4):456-462. doi: 10.1109/61.956720
[20]	胡军, 杨霄, 何金良 . 电导及介电自适应调控的复合绝缘材料及其应用[J]. 高电压技术, 2016,42(9):2902-2908.
	Hu Jun, Yang Xiao, He Jinliang . Composite insulating material with self-adaptively adjusted conductivity/permittivity and its applications[J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2016,42(9):2902-2908.
[21]	Yang Xiao, Zhao Xiaolei, Li Qi , et al. Nonlinear effective permittivity of field grading composite dielectrics[J]. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2018,51(7):1168-1171.
[22]	Yang Xiao, Zhao Xiaolei, Hu Jun , et al. Grading electric field in high voltage insulation using composite materials[J]. IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 2018,34(1):15-25. doi: 10.1109/MEI.2018.8246118
[23]	Han Yongsen, Min Daomin, Li Shengtao . Nonlinear conduction and surface potential decay of epoxy/SiC nanocomposites[J]. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2017,24(5):3154-3164. doi: 10.1109/TDEI.2017.006454
[24]	Yu Shihu, Li Shengtao. Effects of surface-modification on properties of Graphene/Epoxy composites [C]. 1st International Conference on Electrical Materials and Power Equipment, 2017: 460-493.
[25]	Du Boxue, Li Jin, Li Zhonglei , et al. AngEffects of non-linear conductivity on charge trapping and de-trapping behaviours in epoxy/SiC composites under DC stress[J]. IET ScienceMeasurement and Technology, 2018,12(1):83-89.
[26]	杜伯学, 李忠磊, 杨卓然 , 等. 高压直流交联聚乙烯电缆应用与研究进展[J]. 高电压技术, 2017,43(2):344-354.
	Du Boxue, Li Zhonglei, Yang Zhuoran , et al. Application and research progress of HVDC XLPE cables[J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2017,43(2):344-354.
[27]	Takahiro Umemoto, Takao Tsurimoto, Tomohito Kisakibaru, et al. Novel evaluation methods of end-turn stress grading materials for converter-fed high voltage rotating machines [C].IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, 2016: 307-310.
[28]	李忠华, 刘乐乐, 郑欢 , 等. HVDC电缆电场分布影响因素的仿真研究[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2016,36(9):2563-2571. doi: 10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.2016.09.031
	Li Zhonghua, Liu Lele, Zheng Huan , et al. Simulation on the influence factors of electric field distribution in HVDC cable[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2016,36(9):2563-2571. doi: 10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.2016.09.031
[29]	郑欢, 刘乐乐, 李忠华 , 等. 直流叠加冲击电压下HVDC电缆暂态电场分布特性研究[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2016,36(24):6682-6692.
	Zheng Huan, Liu Lele, Li Zhonghua , et al. Research on the transient electric field distribution in HVDC cable under DC voltage superimposed impulse voltages[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2016,36(24):6682-6692.
[30]	Boggs S. Applications of nonlinear analysis in power engineering[C].西部地区研究生精品课程大讲堂–工程电介质及其应用(专题十),西安,中国, 2007: 1-37.
[31]	Greijer H, Predhan M, Eriksson G. On the estimation of AC behavior of field grrading composite [C]. Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, Montreal, Canada, 2015: 67-71.
[32]	Jiang G, Rhyner J, Boggs S. Measurement of non-linear dielectric properties-theoretical analysis [C]. Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, Minneapolis, USA, 1997: 206-209.
[33]	Göran Eriksson, Helena Greijer, Manoj Pradhan, et al. Stress dependent conductivity of field grading materials under time varying electrical fields [C]. Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, 2012: 165-169.
[34]	Thomas Christen, Lise Donzel, Felix Greuter . Nonlinear resistive electric field grading part 1: theory and simulation[J]. IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 2010,26(6):47-59.
[35]	Gao L, Yang X, Hu J , et al. ZnO microvaristors doped polymer composites with electrical field dependent nonlinear conductive and dielectric characteristics[J]. Materials Letters, 2016,171:1-4. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2016.02.016
[36]	陈季丹, 刘子玉 . 电介质物理[M]. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 1980.
[37]	郭文敏 . 聚合物/无机填料复合材料非线性电导特性及应用[D]. 哈尔滨:哈尔滨理工大学, 2010.
[38]	Thomas Christen, Roman Kochetov, Louise Almquist. High-voltage low-frequency dielectric-spectroscopy used for characterization of nonlinear insulation materials [C]. IEEE International Conference on Dielectrics, 2016,2:848-851.
[39]	Furukawa T, Nakajima K, Koizumi T , et al. Measurement of nonlinear dielectricity in ferroelectric polymers[J]. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 1987,26(7):1039-1045.
[40]	谢竟成, 胡军, 何金良 , 等. 压敏陶瓷-硅橡胶复合材料的非线性压敏介电特性[J]. 高电压技术, 2015,41(2):446-452.
	Xie Jingcheng, Hu Jun, He Jinliang , et al. Nonlinear dielectric and conductivity properties of ZnO varistor/silicone rubber polymer composites[J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2015,41(2):446-452.
[41]	Thomas Christen, Roman Kochetov. Insulation characterization with nonlinear impedance spec-troscopy [C]. ETG Symposium on High Voltage Technology, 2016: 1-6.
[42]	Varlow B R, Li K. Non-linear AC properties of a ceramic/resin composite [C]. The 6th International Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials, Xi’an, China, 2000: 89-92.
[43]	Donnelly K P, Varlow B R . Non-linear DC and AC conductivity in electrically insulating composites[J]. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2003,10(4):610-614. doi: 10.1109/TDEI.2003.1219645
[44]	Robertson J, Varlow B R. A comparison between the dynamic and static AC conductivity characteristics of barium titanate filled acrylic resin [C].IEEE ICSD, Toulouse, France, 2004: 246-251.
[45]	Robertson J, Varlow B R . Non-linear ferroelectric composite dielectric materials[J]. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2005,12(4):779-790. doi: 10.1109/TDEI.2005.1511103
[46]	Obrzut J, Kano K. Non-linear dielectric testing at high AC voltages using waveforms and harmonics [C].IEEE Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation Dielectric and Phenomena, New York, USA, 2005: 573-576.
[47]	Obrzut J, Kano K . Impedance and nonlinear dielectric testing at high AC voltages using waveforms[J]. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2005,54(4):1570-1574. doi: 10.1109/TIM.2005.851414
[48]	Sharifi E, Jayaram S H, Cherney E A . AC modeling and anisotropic dielectric properties of stress grading of form-wound motor coils[J]. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2010,17(3):694-700. doi: 10.1109/TDEI.2010.5492240
[49]	Zutavern F J, Brennecka G L, Glover S F. A testbed for high voltage, high bandwidth characterization of nonlinear dielectrics [C].19th IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, 2013: 1-6.
[50]	郑欢 . 非线性复合绝缘电介质交流介电特性测试技术研究[D]. 哈尔滨:哈尔滨理工大学, 2012.
[51]	郑欢, 李忠华, 黄志鹏 , 等. 非线性绝缘电介质AC介电特性参数及其测量[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2013,33(4):201-208.
	Zheng Huan, Li Zhonghua, Huang Zhipeng , et al. AC dielectric characterization parameters of nonlinear insulating dielectrics and their measurement[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2013,33(4):201-208.
[52]	Han Yongsen, Li Zhonghua, Zheng Huan , et al. A decomposition method for the total leakage current of MOA based on multipleLinear regression[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2016,31(4):1422-1428. doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.61
[53]	Jiang G, Rhyner J, Oesterheld J , et al. Measurement of non-linear dielectric properties: theoretical analysis[C]. IEEE Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 1997(1):206-209.
[54]	Li, Lillian, Boggs, Steven A . Circuit to cancel ac displacement current to reveal dissipative and nonlinear conduction phenomena[J]. Review of Scientific Instruments, 1999,70(9):3749-3754. doi: 10.1063/1.1149987
[55]	Boggs S A, Zhou J Y. Dielectric property measurement of nonlinear grading materials [C]. IEEE Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, Victoria, BC, Canada, 2000: 764-768.
[56]	Zhou J Y, Boggs S A. Measurement of nonlinear dielectric properties effect of dielectric dispersion [C].IEEE Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, Kitchener, Ont, Canada, 2001: 153-156.
[57]	Sun Ying, Ma Shilei, Boggs Steven A . Mechanism for composite materials with dielectric constant which increases with electric field[J]. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2015,22(3):1719-1722. doi: 10.1109/TDEI.2015.7116369
[58]	Takahiro Umemoto, Takao Tsurimoto, Boggs Steven A. Considerations on evaluation methods for reliable stress grading systems of converter-fed high voltage rotating electrical machines [C].IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, 2015: 47-50.
[59]	Boggs Steven A, Akiko Kumada, Tetsuo Yoshimitsu. Measurement of stress grading conductivity to 1.6MV/m and 155℃ computation of grading power density and temperature rise for PWM waveforms [C].Proceedings of International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials, 2014: 54-56.
[60]	Boggs Steven A, Akiko Kumada, Tetsuo Yoshimitsu . Rotating machine end turn grading during PWM transitions[C].IEEE International Conference on Dielectrics, 2016(1):1-4.
[61]	Boggs Steven A, Akiko Kumada, Tetsuo Yoshimitsu . Analytical approximations for the rotating machine end-turn field distribution[J]. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2015,22(6):3146-3152. doi: 10.1109/TDEI.2015.005240
[62]	Boggs Steven A, Akiko Kumada, Tetsuo Yoshimitsu. End-turn grading for PWM-driven machines [C].IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference, 2015: 158-160.
[63]	Sonerud B, Josefsson S, Boyer L. Impulse and step voltage measurements on materials with non-linear V-I characteristic [C]. Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, 2012: 207-210.

表征对象	基本特性曲线	静态参数特性曲线	动态参数特性曲线	等效参数特性曲线	表征行为
非线性绝缘结构	阻性伏安（I_R-U）特性	G_s及G_s-U特性曲线	G_d及G_d-U特性曲线	G_eff及G_eff-U特性曲线	阻性
	阻性伏安（I_R-U）特性	R_s及R_s-U特性曲线	R_d及R_d-U特性曲线	R_eff及R_eff-U特性曲线	阻性
	电荷–电压（Q-U）特性	Cs及Cs-U特性曲线	C_d及C_d-U特性曲线	C_eff及C_eff-U特性曲线	容性
		静态复阻抗及其与电压特性曲线	动态复阻抗及其与电压特性曲线	等效复阻抗及其与电压特性曲线	综合
非线性绝缘材料	J_R-E特性曲线	γ_s及γ_s-E特性曲线	γ_d及γ_d-E特性曲线	γ_eff及γ_eff-E 特性曲线	阻性
	J_R-E特性曲线	ρ_s及ρ_s-E特性曲线	ρ_d及ρ_d-E特性曲线	ρ_eff及ρ_eff-E特性曲线	阻性
	D-E特性曲线	ε_s及ε_s-E特性曲线	ε_d及ε_d-E特性曲线	ε_eff及ε_eff-E特性曲线	容性
	P-E特性曲线	χ_s及χ_s-E特性曲线	χ_d及χ_d-E特性曲线	χ_eff及χ_eff-E特性曲线	容性
		静态复介电常数及其与电场特性曲线	动态复介电常数及其与电场特性曲线	等效复介电常数及其与电场特性曲线	综合